Radiation biology. Radioecology
ISSN: 0869-8031

Archives → 2019 → Vol. 59, No. 2 → pp. 132-149

Article

Modern Condition and Prospects for Development of Medicines for Preventionand Early Treatment of Radiation Injures

Grebenyuk A.N. ¹, Gladkikh V.D.²

¹ Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia ²Research and Production Center “Farmzaschita” of Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Khimki, Russia

Abstract

Analysis of the current status and future directions of developing medicines for the prevention and early treatment of radiation injuries has been conducted. It is shown that among radioprotectors only B-190 (Indralin) is approved for use in the Russian Federation; the main radioprotector in foreign countries is amifostine (Ethyol). Some prospects in the development of new radioprotectors are associated with inhibitors of NO-synthases from the class of N-acyl-S-alkyl-substituted isothiourea derivatives, among which chemical compounds with a pronounced radioprotective effect are found. A recombinant human interleukin-1β (Betaleukin) has been registered in Russia as a radiomitigator intended for use in the early period after accidental irradiation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the investigational new drug status for seven radiomitigators, including 5-androstenediol (Neumune), genistein (BIO 300), CBLB502 (Entolimod), a kinase inhibitor ON01210 (Ex-RAD), recombinant human interleukin-12 (HemaMax), beclome-thasone (OrbeShield) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, Neupogen). Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate (Latran) was registered as an antiemetic drug for prevention and therapy of the primary response to radiation in Russia, and granisetron (Kytril) was registered as an antiemetic drug upon irradiation abroad. Potassium iodide, potassium ferric hexacyanoferrate (Ferrocin), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate calcium trisodium (Pentacin, calcium trisodium pentetate), 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate sodium (Unithiol) are used in Russia for the prevention and treatment of injures from irradiation by incorporated radionuclides. Potassium iodide (ThyroShield), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate zinc trisodium (Zn-DTPA, Pentetate zinc trisodium), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate calcium trisodium (Ca-DTPA, Pentetate calcium trisodium) and ferric hexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue, Radiogardase) are used as decorporation agents abroad. Cytokines, vitamins, low-molecular compounds, inhibitors of apoptosis and others are considered as promising means for prevention and early treatment of radiation injures.

Keywords

Ionizing radiation, radiation injury, prevention, treatment, radiation countermeasures, radioprotectors, radiomitigators, antiemetic drugs, decorporation agents