Archives → 2021 → V. 61. №1. → pp. 44–53
Article
The Formation and Development of Radiobiology and Radiation Medicine in Russia in the Late XIX and First Half of XX Century
A. N. Grebenyukaa, L. A. Kushnirb, and A. A. Timoshevskiic
aPavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia. bI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia. cResearch Institute of Health Organization and Medical Management, Moscow, Russia.
Abstract
After more than 120 years of its development, radiobiology encompasses a large number of scientific and practical areas of modern medicine – radiation diagnostics, radiation therapy, radiation hygiene, military radiology, etc. The birth date of radiobiology can be considered November 8, 1895, when Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered X-rays. The first experimental work on the study of X-rays in Russia was carried out already at the beginning of 1896. The first X-ray room in Russia was organized at the Clinical Hospital of the Imperial Military Medical Academy in 1897. The teaching of the basics of medical radiology began in Russia since 1915, the first department of clinical radiology was organized in Military Medical Academy in 1929. The pioneers of radiobiology were interested not only in the diagnostic use of ionizing radiation, but also in the study of their biological properties and the possibility of their use for therapeutic purposes. The first publication on the biological effect of ionizing radiation belongs to I.R. Tarkhanov and dates back to 1896. In 1918, the State Roentgenological and Radiological Institute was established, the first institution in the country specializing in radiobiology and radiation medicine. After the appearance of nuclear weapons, special departments and laboratories to study the damaging effects of nuclear weapons and to solve the problems of radiation protection were created in the USSR. The beginning and development of the nuclear industry initiated the development of sanitary norms and rules for the safe conduct of work with radiation sources, as well as the creation of specialized research institutes and departments of radiation hygiene in medical institutes.
Keywords
ionizing radiation, radiobiology, radiation medicine, radiation hygiene, history of development in Russia
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